Transport
- Digested food substances (glucose and amino acids) → from small intestine to other parts of the body
- Excretory products (carbon dioxide, nitrogenous waste) → from tissues to excretory organs.
- Heat from respiring body tissues to other body parts.
- Hormones from glands to target organs.
- Oxygen to various parts of the body.
Acclimatization to high altitude
- increase hemoglobin at high altitudes to take in as much oxygen as possible due to low oxygen concentration.
Production
- Phagocytosis (Process of engulfing and ingesting foreign particles such as bacteria by white blood cells)
- production of antibodies → by lymphocytes for agglutination
- Blood clotting → to prevent excessive loss of blood and to stop foreign particles from entering the blood system.
Antibody Production
RECOGNISE PATHOGENS FIRST*
- destroy bacteria → by attaching to them and rupturing them
- causing bacteria to clump so that they are easily engulfed
- neutralize toxins.
- attach to viruses causing them to be unable to bind to the host.
| Function | Lymphocytes or Phagocytes? | Explanation |
| Recognise pathogens first | Lymphocytes | Especially B and T lymphocytes, which can recognize specific antigens. |
| 1. Destroy bacteria by attaching to them and rupturing them | Lymphocytes | B-lymphocytes produce antibodies that can cause bacterial cell walls to rupture. |
| 2. Cause bacteria to clump so they are easily engulfed | Both | Lymphocytes produce antibodies that agglutinate bacteria; phagocytes then engulf them. |
| 3. Neutralize toxins | Lymphocytes | B-lymphocytes produce antitoxins (a type of antibody) to neutralize toxins. |
| 4. Attach to viruses causing them to be unable to bind to the host | Lymphocytes | Antibodies from B-lymphocytes bind to viral surface proteins, blocking entry to host cells. |