• can be understood as more than just a status that is granted by a country
  • it is the relationship that a person has with the country he/she is a member of
  • Can be understood differently by different people
  • Can be understood differently over time depending on persons knowledge, lived experiences and aspirations an understanding of 4 attributes in this chapter Legal Status Rights of Citizens Obligations of Citizens

Sense of Identity Shared Values Civic Participation


IndividualsInformal GroupsFormal Groups
Individuals can participate in public affairs by volunteering their time, effort, money in matters they are concerned about

‘I love cats! I will spend my time protecting cats in my neighborhood’
When there is an issue/area of need that requires attention people organize themselves into informal community groups to address the concern/specific need. 

These groups generally exist for the period of time needed to address the specific objectives.
may not be registered with the government. 

‘There is a person attacking cats in the neighborhood. Me and a couple neighbors are doing patrols
Formal groups have clear objectives + are officially registered with the government.
cater to specific needs + interests of society generally devote their efforts over a sustained period of time.

NGO non governmental organizations not necessarily affiliated with and may not receive any funding from govt

SSA social service agencies affiliated with govt through national council of social service (NCSS) which provides some coordination and funding

Some citizens participating actively in public affairs important part of their lives their understanding of membership and having a stake in their country is based on what they as citizens can do to actively contribute to public affairs.

Other citizens being personally responsible + takin care of themselves and their family members also ways of contributing to their country


Example of NGO Zero Waste Singapore NGO leading the drive towards - waste in Singapore through education and advocacy engages the public, companies, schools and governmental agencies to discuss the 3Rs in relation to food waste, plastic disposables, household recycling, and organizational waste. 430 retail outlets offered incentives to customers who bring their own brown reusable bags, bottles or containers. 4 months initiative reduced over 2.5 million pieces of plastic disposables.

Example of SSA SG enable dedicated to enabling persons with disabilities and promoting and inclusive society. Through workshops organized by SG enable participants learn how to interact with consumers with disabilities + improve accessibility of products and services for them.